Papers
What happens if you set aside the Big Bang, dark energy and the idea of an evenly spread cosmos, and look at the sky with fresh eyes? These papers try it, each from a different side of one idea: that gravity from beyond the edge of what we can see is shaping everything inside it. Together they run from the idea itself to the tests that could show whether it stands or falls.
Author: Tom Young. ORCID researcher ID: 0009-0005-4445-6493
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External Gravity Cosmology (EGC), Short Version
Why do galaxies seen a few hundred million years after the supposed beginning of time already look mature, and why does the sky look different from one direction to another? This paper asks whether such puzzles are not outliers at all but natural signs of gravity from outside Our Universe, and lists the checks that could test it.
Young, T. (2025). External Gravity Cosmology (EGC), Short Version. Figshare. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29874398
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External Gravity Cosmology (EGC), Long Form
Picture Our Universe as a lump sitting on the slope of a vast valley in the landscape of gravity, pulled outward into an uneven, oblong shape. The long form follows that picture in more detail and with more figures. It also asks whether the edge of what we can see is a hard boundary, or a lens onto what lies beyond.
Young, T. (2025). External Gravity Cosmology (EGC), Long Form.
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Rethinking the Universe: A Conceptual Manifesto of Gravitational Cosmology
What if the five pillars of modern cosmology are a belt pulled tight around the data, and it has been on too long? This short, informal essay loosens them one at a time and ends with an invitation, not a conclusion: take the belt off and see what shape the data takes.
Young, T. (2025, May 14). Rethinking the Universe: A Conceptual Manifesto of Gravitational Cosmology.
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Toward Testing External Gravity Cosmology: Data and Research Directions
The tools exist, and the data are already streaming in. This plan breaks the testing of EGC into six projects that researchers can take up one at a time. They run from checking whether the sky’s microwave glow and the stretching of light from distant galaxies line up in the same directions, to a space mission planned for the 2030s.
Young, T. (2025, September 4). Toward Testing External Gravity Cosmology: Data and Research Directions.
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Toward a Gravitational Framework for Cosmology: Initial Mathematical Notes
The standard view is that light from distant galaxies is stretched because space itself is expanding. Yet gravity is known to act on light. It bends light’s path, and experiments confirm that light climbing out of a gravitational well loses energy and is stretched. If gravity can do that, could it be stretching the light from distant galaxies too? These early notes explore that idea, find nothing in the known laws of physics that rules it out, and offer it as scaffolding for others to build on, not a finished theory.
Young, T. (2025, May 14). Toward a Gravitational Framework for Cosmology: Initial Mathematical Notes.